• Know the benefits of rice porridge or instant kanji, science behind the Slush, nutritional benefits and global variations.

Rice porridge, variously known as kanji in India, congee in China, okayu in Japan, juk in Korea, and arroz calda in the Philippines, is a universally acknowledged popular food. This versatile dish is enjoyed worldwide and is made primarily using cereal grains such as oats, barley, millets, and rice. Rice is the most dominant cereal in kanji, especially in India and China. Despite its global popularity, white rice, a common base for rice porridge, lacks essential nutrients.

Nutritional Challenge of White Rice

White rice, a staple food across the globe, is produced by polishing brown rice, which removes most of its nutrients. Brown rice, although richer in nutrients, contains antinutrients like phytic acid and arsenic. The milling process strips away these anti-nutrients along with valuable vitamins and minerals, leaving white rice with primarily starch and minimal nutrients. To address nutrient deficiencies in a population dependent on white rice, we have fortified rice.

Nutrient Boost for Rice 

Traditional rice fortification methods, such as whole grain fortification and fortified flour extrusion, are often expensive, time-consuming, and can result in significant nutrient loss, particularly for vitamins like thiamine. High pressure processing (HPP) offers a promising alternative. This method uses moderate temperatures to infuse rice with nutrients without significant nutrient loss. In a recent study, sushi rice (short grain, low amylose) and basmati rice (long grain, high amylose) were fortified with thiamine (vitamin B1), calcium, and zinc using HPP. These nutrients are crucial for carbohydrate metabolism, bone health, muscle function, and immune support.

This article was first published in the Bhavan Journal.

Methodology and Results  

HPP was applied to fortify two types of white rice with vitamin B1, calcium, and zinc at temperatures of 50°C and 70°C for up to 20 minutes. The results showed that nutrient transfer increased with higher temperatures and longer processing times, leading to significant nutrient uptake. Additionally, the fortified rice remained stable after two months of storage. HPP at moderate temperatures demonstrated its potential to create nutrient-rich, ready-to-eat rice varieties, offering a viable solution for enhancing the nutritional value of white rice. 

Versatility and Appeal of Instant Kanji

Instant kanji, or rice porridge, offers numerous advantages that make it a convenient and appealing option for many. Here are some key benefits:

1. Convenience: It is quick and easy to prepare, typically requiring only hot water, making it ideal for busy individuals or those needing a quick meal.

2. Nutritious: It can be a wholesome meal, providing essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Many instant versions are fortified with additional nutrients to enhance their nutritional profile.

3. Versatility: It can be customised with various toppings and ingredients, such as vegetables, meats, or spices, allowing for a variety of flavours and nutritional enhancements.

4. Comfort Food: It is often considered a comfort food, especially in many Asian cultures. It is gentle on the stomach and can be soothing when someone is unwell or needs an easily digestible meal.

5. Long Shelf Life: Instant kanji typically has a long shelf life, making it a good pantry staple. It can be stored for extended periods without spoiling, providing a reliable meal option in emergencies or for travel.

6. Portability: Packets are lightweight and portable, making them ideal for camping, hiking, or traveling. They are easy to pack and prepare in various settings.

7. Hydration: As a porridge-like dish, kanji has a high water content, which can help with hydration. This is particularly beneficial in hot climates or for individuals who need to increase their fluid intake.

8. Digestibility: It is easy to digest, making it suitable for people of all ages, including children and the elderly. It can be particularly helpful for those with digestive issues or during recovery from illness.

9. Cost-Effective: Instant kanji is affordable, providing a cost-effective meal option that does not compromise on nutrition or convenience.

10. Cultural Connection: For many, kanji is a traditional dish that carries cultural significance. Instant versions allow people to enjoy a taste of home, even when they are away.

Market Trends in the Asia-Pacific Region 

The market for rice-based products, including rice kanji, is growing significantly in the Asia-Pacific region. China and India are key players in this market, both being major producers and consumers of rice. China dominates the rice market with a production of around 213.6 million metric tons in 2020, driven by its massive population and high per capita rice consumption. India, another major player, produced over 22 million metric tons of rice in 2022 and has been enhancing its production capacities with government support and favourable monsoons. The demand for rice kanji, a traditional rice porridge, is likely tied to these trends, reflecting broader growth in rice consumption and production in these regions.

Culinary Elixir of the Ages 

This dish has stood the test of time, transcending borders and cultures. In China, congee dates back to the Zhou dynasty, around 1,000 BCE, making it older than some civilisations. In Korea, juk was a royal delicacy, while in India, kanji has been both a breakfast and a remedy for the unwell.

Science behind the Slush

Rice porridge is a starch fest. When rice cooks, its starches gelatinize, turning the grains into a creamy, thick consistency. The slow cooking process breaks down the rice, releasing amylose and amylopectin - two types of starch molecules. Amylose keeps things a bit firm, while amylopectin turns it into a silky goo. This magical transformation makes rice porridge a perfect food for anyone with digestive issues, as it is easy to eat and soothing on the stomach.

Nutritional Benefits

Rice porridge is not just a comforting dish; it is packed with nutrients. A basic bowl of rice porridge is rich in carbohydrates, providing a quick energy boost. Adding protein like shredded chicken, tofu, or a poached egg creates a balanced meal. Including vegetables enhances the nutritional value further. Plus, rice porridge is gluten-free, making it a friendly option for those with gluten sensitivities.

Global Variations 

In Thailand, you might enjoy a bowl of ‘jok’ with minced pork and a raw egg. In the Philippines, ‘lugaw’ can be savoury with garlic and ginger or sweet with coconut milk and sugar. Japan’s ‘okayu’ is often simple, just rice and water, but can be jazzed up with pickled plums or fish. Each version reflects the local palate and ingredients, proving that rice porridge is the chameleon of the culinary world.

This article was first published in the Bhavan’s Journal, 16-31 August 2024 issue. This article is courtesy and copyright Bhavan’s Journal, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai-400007. eSamskriti has obtained permission from Bhavan’s Journal to share. Do subscribe to the Bhavan’s Journal – it is very good.