Casi Raja Pundit, a mutasaddi or secretary
in the service of Suja-ud-daula, Vazir of Oudh, was
present at the third battle of Panipat and wrote an account of it in
Persian. His account was translated into English in 1791 by Lt. Col. James
Brown, Resident at Delhi from 1782 to 1785. The translated account was edited
in 1926 with an Introduction, Notes, and Appendices by H. G. Rawlinson, Professor
at The Deccan College, Poona.
It is the most
detailed account we possess of the battle, and is the impartial narrative of an eye-witness of what he saw and heard. The narrative of Casi Raja Pundit brings alive larger than life personalities from history—Sadhashivrao Bhao, Ahmed Shah Abdali, and Ibrahim Gardi, among others.
The Maratha Empire was the pre-eminent
power in the subcontinent in the eighteenth century. In 1761, under the command
of Sadashivrao Bhao in the third battle of Panipat, the Marathas lost to
Abdali, and Sadashivrao Bhao was killed.
However, as H.G. Rawlinson writes in his Introduction, “A defeat is, under some circumstances, as honourable as a victory; and never, in all their annals, did the Maratha armies cover themselves with greater glory, than when the flower of the chivalry of the Deccan perished on the stricken field of Panipat, fighting against the enemies of their creed and country.” Read full Introduction to book below.
Author Casi Raja Pundit was a mutasaddi or secretary in the service of Suja-ud-daula, Vazir of Oudh, and was present at the third battle of Panipat.
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To read INTRODUCTION by H.G. Rawlinson, 1926 in PDF, click on PDF or read
below.
The famous narrative of the last Battle of Panipat, translated from the Persian of Kasi
Rai, a mutasaddi
or secretary in the service of Suja-ud-daula, Vazir of Oudh, by Lieut. Col. James
Browne, Resident at Delhi, 1782-85, and author of India Tracts (1788) has long been almost inaccessible to students,
buried away in Asiatic Researches, Vol. III (1799). The original Persian manuscript has perished. “Though this narrative is written from memory,” the author tells us, “and long since the events happened, I do not believe that I have omitted any circumstances of importance,” and the translation, we are warned by Col. Browne, is “far from literal, as I endeavoured to make the style as unadorned as possible”.
Nor do we know much of Kasi Rai, besides the fact that
he had been a trusted servant of Safdar Jang, the old Vazir of Oudh.[1] He
was a Deccani who had followed the fortunes of his countrymen to Northern India
and was equally at home in Persian and Marathi. He is, of course, much more
reliable when speaking of events in Northern India of which he was an eye-witness, than when repeating what he heard
about the Deccan. In spite of these defects, the document is one of great
historical importance. It is the most detailed account we possess of the battle, and is the work of an eye-witness who
evidently desires to give an impartial narrative of what he saw and heard. He
had many friends in both armies, and he was equally impressed by the gallantry
of the Marathas and by the masterly strategy of their opponent, the Abdali
monarch.
In only one respect may we suspect the author of
unconscious prejudice and that is, in his views respecting the policy and
character of the Bhao Saheb. Kasi Rai had served all his life in Hindustan. He
naturally shared the views of the great Maratha chiefs, Holkar and Sindia, who looked on the Peshwa as an intruder
in Northern India, who, if he won, would send his jasuds to collect all the revenues and make them “wash his dhotors”. Hence Kasi Rai depicts the Bhao Saheb as haughty and arrogant and describes him as foolishly despising the sage advice of Holkar and Suraj Mal as the chatter of “goatherds” and zamindars, and as
obstinately set on a plan of campaign foredoomed to failure.[2] Later historians, with few exceptions, have
followed this view.
But is it really the correct one? The Hindustani
princes were all in favour of guerilla warfare on the traditional lines, made
familiar by the great Sivaji in his campaigns. But the flat plains of Hindustan
were as different from the rugged Deccan fastnesses, as the effete mercenaries
of Bijapur or Delhi were from the fierce Afghan horsemen.
Holkar and Sindia had already, in the year before, tried the traditional Maratha guerilla tactics upon the Abdali, with singular ill-success. At Badaon Ghat, on the Jamna River, Nazib Khan had scattered the army of the Sindias to the four winds of heaven, leaving Dattaji Sindia dead on the field. At Sikandra, Pasand Khan had caught Malharrao Holkar napping, and had sent him flying out of the province like a hunted hare, with only a handful of followers. On the other hand, the Bhao’s experience at Udgir had convinced him of the superiority of the trained sepoys and mobile artillery of Ibrahim Khan.
The truth is, that the supposed superiority of the
Marathas in guerilla warfare was a myth. The Afghans with their tireless Turki steeds,
outrode them and outmaneuvered them.
Pasand Khan rode nearly one hundred miles in twenty-four hours, when he surprised Malharrao Holkar. Attai
Khan performed an almost equally remarkable feat,
when he caught Govind Pant Bundele. In the skirmishing outside Panipat, the
Afghans almost invariably had the better of it. On the other hand, when it came to shock action, the Maratha cavalry, with its superb élan, almost invariably routed their opponents. In the pitched
battles outside Panipat, Holkar on 23rd November and Mehendale on 7th
December, inflicted such losses that the Afghans withdrew their camp, and all
but retreated altogether.
In the action at Panipat itself, the Maratha centre charged with such impetuosity that the
Afghans had no time to spur their steeds to a gallop, with the result that their opponents cut their way right through the enemy’s line of battle, and came within an ace of winning a complete victory, in spite of the fact that their horses had been confined for many weeks in their entrenchments. The Bhao, then, was justified in thinking that his proper policy was not to dissipate his energies in guerilla warfare, but to force his
opponents to accept battle in the open field.
The Bhao has also been sharply criticized for shutting himself up in Panipat. “A city besieged is a city taken,” as Bazaine found to his cost at Metz. But here the fault was clearly not the Bhao Saheb’s. As the remarkable passage quoted in the Appendix clearly shows, he was acting under the orders of the Peshwa. He had been negotiating with the Afghans, who were themselves in considerable straits, when he received peremptory orders from the Peshwa to break off negotiations, as he himself was following with the main army of the Deccan.[3]
The Bhau’s policy was now obviously to pin the Abdali to the ground, until the Grand Army of the Deccan arrived, when the Afghans would be caught between the jaws of the nut cracker. Meanwhile, secure behind his entrenchments, he endeavoured to provoke his opponents to attack him, when he could rely upon Ibrahim Gardi’s artillery to decide the fortunes of the day. But the Peshwa, an indolent voluptuary, idled away his time at Paithan until 27th
December, when it was too late.[4]
The Bhao, reduced to starvation, had to give battle
single-handed: even then, he would have won, had not the Abdali, with the
prescience of a great soldier, kept in hand a reserve of 10,000 heavy cavalry,
which he launched at the psychological moment upon the exhausted Marathas, with
instantaneous effect. The Peshwa afterwards gave ample proof of his guilty
conscience, when he tried to shift the responsibility for the disaster upon the
shoulder of Vinchurkar, Powar, Holkar and other scapegoats. It is without
surprise that we learn that he died of remorse within six months of the
disaster for which his criminal neglect was chiefly responsible.
The Bhao Saheb’s conduct in the final phase of the battle has come in for its share of criticism. It is difficult to see what else he could have done. Visvasrao was dead. His flanks were crumbling beneath the sledge-hammer blows of the fresh Afghan reserves. His bolt was spent, and his instinct as a soldier told him that the end had come. He sent word to Holkar “to do as he had bid” i.e. to extricate himself before it was too late and to
cover the retreat to Delhi of the women and non-combatants.
Then, after a last look at the countenance of his beloved nephew, whose placid beauty in death moved the hearts of even the savage Afghans, he mounted his favourite Arab, collected all the men he could, and rode, like the gallant gentleman he was, into the forefront of the battle, to find a soldier’s death. When last seen, he was fighting, with the proud disdain which characterized all his action, against a horde of filthy plunderers, who finally murdered him for the sake of the magnificent jewels he was wearing. He had refused quarter.
In two respects the Bhao was very
gravely at fault. He never should have allowed
women and non-combatants to accompany the army to the field. They should have
been left in Delhi, under the charge of Naro Shankar. As it was, they exhausted
the ample granaries of Panipat, which would otherwise have kept the force well
supplied with food until the advent of the Grand Army of the Deccan. In that
case, the fatal sortie need never
have taken place. And secondly, the Abdali should have not been suffered to
cross the Jamna at Bagpat. This was due to bad discipline. The Marathas, whose
love of plunder was proverbial, were so absorbed in ransacking Kunjpur that
they allowed the enemy to slip out of their sight. But after all, the general
who wins a campaign is the one who makes the fewest mistakes. The Bhao Saheb
did not commit a tithe of the blunders of both Wellington and Napoleon in the
Waterloo campaign. He lost, not because he was a bad general, but because his opponent
was a better one.
In conclusion, it is hardly necessary to draw the reader’s attention to the human interest of this document. Even at this distance of time, the pulses leap as we read of the Abdali, reflectively pulling at his hookah as he watches the long lines of the Marathas deploying for action in the dim winter dawn: the Vazir, in full armour, rallying his men with the cry, “Our country is far off, my friends; whither do you fly?”: the choking dust: the combatants rolling on the ground, locked in a deadly embrace: the cries of “Din! Din!” and “Har, Har, Mahadev!” and lastly, the dramatic annihilation of one of the most splendid and gallant armies that ever took the field. A defeat is, under some circumstances, as honourable as a victory; and never, in all their annals, did the Maratha armies cover themselves with greater glory, than when the flower of the chivalry of the Deccan perished on the stricken field of Panipat, fighting against the enemies of their creed and country.
H. G. Rawlinson
Poona, 1926
[1] A letter of his to the Peshwa is given in Rajwade VI, 408.
[2] See also Nana Farnavis, Autobiography, p.56, infra.
[3] See Appendix C.
[4] Apparently the Abdali was intercepting correspondence. On December 21st the Peshwa writes that he has had no news from the Bhao since November 14th, when he was in close touch with the enemy. He adds that he is pushing on northwards. But on December 27th he was still at Paithan. Nothing can excuse this delay (Rajwade, Vol III, No. 210).